FUNTUA/DANDUME NURSING AND MIDWIFERY STUDENTS ASSOCIATION

Happiest one our able president!

Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, usually through bites or scratches. Once symptoms appear, rabies is almost always fatal.

But rabies is preventable.

✅ Avoid contact with stray or unfamiliar animals
✅ Vaccinate your pets and prevent them from roaming
✅ Report animals showing unusual behaviour to the nearest veterinary clinic

If you are bitten or scratched, wash the wound immediately with soap and clean water and seek medical care without delay.

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A**l Fissure: Causes, Signs & Management

An a**l fissure is a small tear in the lining of the a**s. It commonly happens after passing a hard stool and can cause sharp pain and bright-red bleeding.

🟣 Common Causes

➟ Constipation and passing hard or large stools

➟ Straining during bowel movements

➟ Repeated diarrhea

➟ Childbirth-related trauma

➟ Less commonly, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, or other a**l conditions

🟣 Common Signs

➟ Sharp or burning pain during bowel movements

➟ Pain may continue for minutes or hours afterward

➟ Bright-red blood on toilet paper or on the outside of stool

➟ A visible small tear near the a**s

➟ A**l muscle spasm or tightness may occur

🟣 Chronic A**l Fissure

➟ A fissure lasting more than about 6 weeks is considered chronic

➟ A small skin tag or “sentinel pile” may develop near the tear

➟ Chronic fissures often need more specific treatment

🟣 Management

➟ Keep stools soft with enough fiber and fluids

➟ Avoid straining and prolonged sitting on the toilet

➟ Warm sitz baths can reduce pain and muscle spasm

➟ Stool-softening or osmotic laxatives may be used when needed

➟ Short-term pain relief may help

🟣 Prescription Treatment

➟ Topical medicines such as nitroglycerin or calcium-channel blocker creams may relax the a**l sphincter and improve healing

➟ Botulinum toxin injection may be considered when conservative treatment fails

➟ Persistent chronic fissures may require lateral internal sphincterotomy surgery

🟣 When to Seek Medical Help

➟ Bleeding keeps recurring

➟ Pain is severe or does not improve

➟ Symptoms last several weeks

➟ There is pus, fever, or significant swelling

➟ Bleeding is heavy, dark, or mixed throughout the stool

Medical disclaimer: This information is for general educational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Persistent a**l pain or bleeding should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare professional because hemorrhoids, infec

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